Figure 1. CEPH-41 localizes to the amphid and phasmid cilia, but not in the distal segment of the amphid and phasmid cilia in C. elegans: A. Schematic representation of human CEP41 and C. elegans F42G8.19 is displayed. The lengths of human CEP41 and C. elegans F42G8.19 are different, but they share the same protein domain (rhodanese). In both proteins, the positions of rhodanese domains are shown. The amino acid alignments of human CEP41 (169-373 aa) and C. elegans F42G8.19 (1-182 aa) are indicated. Identical and similar residues are displayed in white on red and red, respectively. B. Representative drawings of the ciliated sensory neurons found in the head (amphid) and tail (phasmid) of C. elegans are displayed. Dendrite, cell body (cell soma), axon, and cilia are shown. OSM-6::GFP (human IFT52) localizes to the whole ciliary axoneme in the head and tail while CEPH-41::wrmScarlet is concentrated in the proximal part of the cilium in the head and tail. DS, MS, TZ, and BB denote distal segment, middle segment, transition zone, and basal body, respectively. Scale bars are depicted at the left bottom of the images. C. D. and E. Co-localization of CEPH-41::GFP with IFT-140::mCherry (also known CHE-11) or MKS-6:: mCherry (human CC2D2A, a transition zone marker) was shown in the head and/or tails. IFT-140::mCherry (also known CHE-11) is an IFT protein that can be visible in the entire cilia. F. Shown is the comparative alignment of 14 bp X-box sequence motifs between ciliary genes and
ceph-41. To display the sequence conservation of X-box nucleotide sequences, WebLogo was used to generate the graphical sequence logo. Each nucleic acid at different positions displays a particular frequency, which was reflected in the relative height of the corresponding nucleotide (Crooks, 2004). G, H and I. Representative single and merged images of the C. elegans head (amphid) were displayed for CEPH-41::GFP (green) and DIC in wild type,
daf-19(
m86) II;
daf-12(
sa204) X., and
daf-12(
sa204) X. Scale bars, 15 µm.